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The Cancun upgrade is coming. What adaptations have mainstream L2s made?
TL;DR:
1. Background
In 2020, Ethereum released the "Rollup-centered Ethereum Roadmap", and the final picture of Ethereum described in "Endgame" published by Vitalik the following year, ** determined the big picture of Ethereum. Direction: Optimize the construction of the basic layer of Ethereum to serve Rollup. **
Ethereum designed Danksharding’s sharding technology to improve Ethereum’s usability as a data availability layer. It will significantly reduce L2’s transaction fees, increase Rollup’s TPS, and achieve a substantial expansion of Ethereum.
Until this year, the Ethereum Cancun-Dencun upgrade was finally launched on March 13, 2024, and EIP4844 is about to go online. This hard fork can be said to be the first step in Ethereum's implementation of Danksharding. The core of the roadmap. **
**2. How will the Cancun upgrade benefit L2? **
EIP4844 introduces a new transaction type called blob-carrying transactions**. **Each blob-carrying transaction can "carry" a list of blobs. A blob is a packet of data, approximately 125 KB. Blobs are stored for a short period of time, only 4096 epochs, which is a little more than 18 days.
For end users, after **EthereumL2 is adapted to EIP4844, the transaction speed will be faster, the cost will be lower, the experience will be smoother, and the response will be more responsive. There will be more complex and larger Dapp applications on these L2s. **
3. How does L2 adapt to EIP4844?
How does L2 adapt to EIP4844? We need to discuss Optimistic Rollup and ZK Rollup separately.
Optimistic Rollups adapts to EIP4844
Optimistic rollup uses fraud proof to ensure the correctness of rollup execution. That is, the node first chooses to believe that the state transition is correct. Unless someone initiates a fraud certificate within a specified period of time to prove that the previously submitted state transition is illegal, the state transition will be revoked.
Optimistic rollup is simpler to adapt to EIP4844 than ZK rollup. Submit all L2 transactions to L1 through Blob-carrying transactions to complete the adaptation. In addition, the fraud proof needs to be adjusted to adapt to EIP4844. This part can be done slowly. After all, many optimistic rollups have not yet launched fraud proofs. I put a fraud certificate online, but found that no fraud certificate had been submitted for more than two years.
L2 transaction submission: When the Rollup is submitted, the Blob-carrying transaction is used to store the Rollup data in the Blob. The payload of the Blob-carrying transaction is rlp([tx_payload_body, blobs, commitments, proofs]), where
Adjustment for fraud proof:
ZK Rollups adapts to EIP4844
ZK rollup uses ZKP to prove that the L2 state transition is correct. ZK rollup adaptation to EIP4844 is more complicated than optimistic rollup.
**4. Which L2s are adapted to EIP4844? **
In the Optimistic rollup, Optimism and Arbitrum have expressed their commitment to adopting EIP-4844 and are working closely with their communities to test and deploy the necessary updates. Arbitrum is a Stage 1 rollup and has relatively good security. It involves the need to adapt fraud proof to EIP4844. Optimistic rollup is a Stage 0 rollup. There is currently no fraud proof. It is easier to adapt, but the security is not high enough.
In ZK rollup, the difficulty of rollup adaptation using STRAK and SNARK is different. It is easier to adapt EIP4844 with STARK's rollup, and Starknet is one of the representatives. Starknet published an article stating that Cancun will implement EIP4844 adaptation after the upgrade (article link). Using SNARK's rollup, zkSync is also exploring how to leverage blob-carrying transactions to further reduce costs and improve performance. Scroll published an article last year introducing the idea of adapting EIP4844 (article link)
The most impressive one is Morph, which is an Optimistic ZK Rollup and was the first to release a solution for adapting zkEVM to EIP4844. **It can be said to be the first zkEVM Rollup to complete EIP4844. **
Optimistic ZK Rollup combines the advantages of both types of Rollup. It optimistically believes in the execution results submitted by Sequencer and allows those who doubt the results to initiate challenges. Only when a challenge is issued, the prover will generate ZKP to prove the correctness of the execution results. **It has the efficiency of Optimistic rollup and the ZK-proven reliability of ZK rollup. **